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GH-45381: [CI][Packaging][Conan] Use the latest supported image (#45387)

### Rationale for this change

Conan 1 is deprecated. We should use Conan 2.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use "conania/gcc11-ubuntu16.04:2.12.1" because it's the latest version.

Based on
https://github.com/conan-io/conan-docker-tools/blob/master/images/README.md#official-docker-images, "gcc11-ubuntu16.04" is only supported image.

`ci/conan/` is synchronized with the latest https://github.com/conan-io/conan-center-index .

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #45381

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>