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GH-45388: [CI][MATLAB] Can we use Ubuntu 22.04 or 24.04 for Ubuntu CI (#45395)

### Rationale for this change

Ubuntu 20.04 will reach EOL by 2025-04, so we must upgrade the MATLAB workflow's GitHub runner from Ubuntu 20.04 to Ubuntu 22.04 or Ubuntu 24.04.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Updated the Ubuntu MATLAB GitHub workflow to use Ubuntu 22.04 as the GitHub runner.
2. Updated the Ubuntu MATLAB crossbow task to use Ubuntu 22.04 as the GitHub runner.

### Are these changes tested?

1. All GitHub checks passed.
2. Manually triggered the MATLAB crossbow task and installed the MATLAB-Arrow Interface Toolbox on Debian-12. 

### Are there any user-facing changes?

N/A

* GitHub Issue: #45388

Authored-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>