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GH-43951: [CI][Python] Use GitHub Packages for vcpkg cache (#44644)

### Rationale for this change

We're using only Docker level cache for vcpkg used for wheels. If we have any vcpkg related changes, all vcpkg ports are rebuilt. It's time consuming.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Enable NuGet + GitHub Packages based cache. It's port level cache. So we don't need to rebuild all ports when we have any vcpkg related changes.

See also: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/vcpkg/consume/binary-caching-github-packages

NuGet + GitHub Packages based cache isn't enabled with manylinux2014 + aarch64. Because EPEL for CentOS 7 + aarch64 provides old Mono. (FYI: EPEL for CentOS 7 + x86_64 provides newer Mono.) We can't use old Mono to run NuGet on Linux.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #43951

Lead-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Co-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>