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GH-43624: [Go] Add JSON/UUID extension types, extend arrow -> parquet logical type mapping (#43679)



### Rationale for this change

- Missing `JSON` extension type implementation.
- Current precedent in C++ (and thereby PyArrow) is that canonical extension types do not require manual registration.
- Issues like #43640 and #43624 suggest that we need to expose ways of configuring parquet types written from arrow records, but casting the underlying data presents challenges for a generalized approach.

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Move `UUIDType` from `internal` to `arrow/extensions`
- Implement `JSON` canonical extension type
- Automatically register all canonical extension types at initialization
  - remove register/unregister from various locations these extension types are used
- Add new `CustomParquetType` interface so extension types can specify their target `LogicalType` in Parquet
- Refactor parquet `fieldToNode` to split up `PrimitiveNode` type mapping for leaves from `GroupNode` composition
- Simplify parquet `LogicalType` to use only value receivers

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

- `UUID` and `JSON` extension types are available to end users.
- Canonical extension types will automatically be recognized in IPC without registration.
- Users with their own extension type implementations may use the `CustomParquetType` interface to control Parquet conversion without needing to fork or upstream the change.

* GitHub Issue: #43624

Authored-by: Joel Lubinitsky <joellubi@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Joel Lubinitsky <joellubi@gmail.com>