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GH-43764: [Go][FlightSQL] Add NewPreparedStatement function (#43781)



### Rationale for this change
Allowing creation of the prepared statement object outside of the client allows for logging, proxying, and handing off prepared statements if necessary.

### Are these changes tested?
Yes

* GitHub Issue: #43764

Authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>