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GH-40566: [C++] Fix 3.12 Python support (#40322)

sysconfig is available since Python 3.2

Tested on nixpkgs and works as expected

### Rationale for this change

Support Python 3.12

### What changes are included in this PR?

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

* GitHub Issue: #40566

Authored-by: Sandro <sandro.jaeckel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>