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ARROW-10924: [C++] Validate temporal data in ValidateArrayFull

Validate that temporal data in arrays meet the restrictions of their data type specifications.

Closes #12014 from JabariBooker/ARROW-10924

Lead-authored-by: JabariBooker <o.jabari.booker@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jabari Booker <bookeroronde@pop-os.localdomain>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>