arrow

GH-40698: [C++] Create registry for Devices to map DeviceType to MemoryManager in C Device Data import (#40699)

### Rationale for this change

Follow-up on https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/39980#discussion_r1483235845

Right now, the user of `ImportDeviceArray` or `ImportDeviceRecordBatch` needs to provide a `DeviceMemoryMapper` mapping the device type and id to a MemoryManager. We provide a default implementation of that mapper that just knows about the default CPU memory manager (and there is another implementation in `arrow::cuda`, but you need to explicitly pass that to the import function)

To make this easier, this PR adds a registry such that default device mappers can be added separately.

### What changes are included in this PR?

This PR adds two new public functions to register device types (`RegisterDeviceMemoryManager`) and retrieve the mapper from the registry (`GetDeviceMemoryManager`).

Further, it provides a `RegisterCUDADevice` to optionally register the CUDA devices (by default only CPU device is registered).

### Are these changes tested?

### Are there any user-facing changes?

* GitHub Issue: #40698

Lead-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>