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GH-41134: [GLib] Support building arrow-glib with MSVC (#41599)

### Rationale for this change

Allow Windows users to more easily build the GLib libraries.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Minor fixes to allow building with MSVC:
  * Changes some uses of variable length arrays to `std::vector`, because MSVC doesn't support variable length arrays
  * Moves some function definitions that use C++ types outside of `G_BEGIN_DECLS`/`G_END_DECLS` blocks (which expand to `extern C { }`), because this caused MSVC to error
* Fix libraries not having any exported symbols with MSVC, which defaults to hiding symbols
  * Add `visibility.h` which defines a new `GARROW_EXTERN` macro that adds `dllimport` or `dllexport` attributes when using MSVC.
  * Include the `GARROW_EXTERN` macro in the definitions of the `GARROW_AVAILABLE_IN_*` macros.
* Add a new CI job that builds the GLib libraries with MSVC on Windows, using vcpkg to install pkgconfig and glib.
* For now only `arrow-glib` is built, I can follow up with the other libraries after this PR. That will require introducing new per-library version macros.

### Are these changes tested?

The build will be tested in CI but I've only done some quick manual tests that the built library works correctly, I haven't got the ruby tests running against the build yet.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No? Eventually some documentation should be updated when all the GLib libraries can be built with MSVC though
* GitHub Issue: #41134

Lead-authored-by: Adam Reeve <adreeve@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>