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GH-40644: [Python] Allow passing a mapping of column names to `rename_columns` (#40645)



### Rationale for this change

See #40644 

### What changes are included in this PR?

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Tests have been added.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

* GitHub Issue: #40644

Authored-by: Judah Rand <17158624+judahrand@users.noreply.github.com>
Signed-off-by: AlenkaF <frim.alenka@gmail.com>