arrow

GH-38010: [Python] Construct pyarrow.Field and ChunkedArray through Arrow PyCapsule Protocol (#40818)

### Rationale for this change

See https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/38010#issuecomment-2010601912 for more context. Right now for _consuming_ ArrowSchema-compatible objects that implement the PyCapsule interface, we only have the private `_import_from_c_capsule` (on Schema, Field, DataType) and we check for the protocol in the public `pa.schema(..)`.

But that means you currently can only consume objects that represent the schema of a batch (struct type), and not schemas of individual arrays. 

### What changes are included in this PR?

Expand the `pa.field(..)` constructor to accept objects implementing the protocol method.

### Are these changes tested?

TODO

* GitHub Issue: #38010

Authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>