arrow

GH-41738: [C++] Fix the issue that temp vector stack may be under sized (#41746)



### Rationale for this change

See #41738.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Allocate the underlying buffer of temp stack vector using padded size.

### Are these changes tested?

UT included.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

None.

* GitHub Issue: #41738

Authored-by: Ruoxi Sun <zanmato1984@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>