arrow

GH-36845: [C++][Python] Allow type promotion on `pa.concat_tables` (#36846)

Revival of https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/12000/

### Rationale for this change

It would be great to be able to do promotions when `concat`'ing a table, such as:

```python
def test_concat_tables_with_promotion_int():
    import pyarrow as pa
    t1 = pa.Table.from_arrays(
        [pa.array([1, 2], type=pa.int64())], ["int"])
    t2 = pa.Table.from_arrays(
        [pa.array([3, 4], type=pa.int32())], ["int"])

    result = pa.concat_tables([t1, t2], promote=True)

    assert result.equals(pa.Table.from_arrays([
        pa.array([1, 2, 3, 4], type=pa.int64())
    ], ["int"]))
```

### What changes are included in this PR?

### Are these changes tested?

### Are there any user-facing changes?

* Closes: #36845

Lead-authored-by: Fokko Driesprong <fokko@tabular.io>
Co-authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>