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GH-38172: [CI][C++] Use system GoogleTest on Ubuntu 22.04 (#38173)

### Rationale for this change

It will reduce build time.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Install GoogleTest by apt.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #38172

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>