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GH-43927: [C++] Make ChunkResolver::ResolveMany output a list of ChunkLocations (#43928)

### Rationale for this change

Better cache locality and it's simpler. Easier to use with a single allocation.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Change of the `ChunkResolver::ResolveMany()` signature.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, by the tests in `chunked_array_test.cc`

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No because `ChunkResolver` is still in the `internal` namespace.
* GitHub Issue: #43927

Authored-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>