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GH-41675: [Packaging][MATLAB] Add crossbow job to package MATLAB interface on macos-14 (#41677)

### Rationale for this change

In #41592, we added a CI job to build and test the MATLAB interface on `macos-14`, which is ARM-based. We currently only package the interface on `macos-12`, which is Intel-based. 

We should add a crossbow job to package the MATLAB interface on `macos-14` so that we package the interface for both Intel-based and ARM-based macoS. 

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Parameterized the `macos` job in the MATLAB crossbow workflow file to run on both `macos-12` and `macos-14`.
2. Added the bash script `dev/tasks/matlab/rename_macos_dynamic_libraries.sh`. This script is used to uniquify the shared library names generated for the Intel/AMD-based macOS and ARM-based macOS interface installations. This is required because the crossbow job generates one "monolithic" MLTBX file that contains all shared libraries for all platforms. See the [comment](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/41677/files#diff-99731016fc39dd96d2d239cf9cc132a8dacb9569c49bea4a64d69911b4dcc8c4R82) at the beginning of `dev/tasks/matlab/rename_macos_dynamic_libraries.sh` for a more in-depth explanation. 

### Are these changes tested?

1. Installed the MATLAB Arrow Interface on both Intel-based and ARM-based macOS machines using the MLTBX file generated by [this crossbow job](https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/actions/runs/9274264286/job/25516244719). All unit tests passed.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Users on ARM-based macOS machines will be able to install the MATLAB Arrow Interface via a "one-click" install 
workflow using the MLTBX file.

* GitHub Issue: #41675

Lead-authored-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>
Co-authored-by: Sarah Gilmore <74676073+sgilmore10@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>