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GH-38717: [C++] Add ImportChunkedArray and ExportChunkedArray to/from ArrowArrayStream (#39455)

### Rationale for this change

The `ChunkedArray` has no equivalent in the C data interface; however, it is the primary array structure that higher level bindings interact with (because it is a column in a `Table`). In the Python capsule interface, this means that ChunkedArrays always require a workaround involving loops in Python.

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Added `ImportChunkedArray()` and `ExportChunkedArray()`
- Generalized the classes that support import/export to relax the assumption that every `ArrowArray` in an `ArrowArrayStream` is a `RecordBatch`.

### Are these changes tested?

TODO

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, two new functions are added to bridge.h.
* Closes: #38717

Lead-authored-by: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@voltrondata.com>
Co-authored-by: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@fishandwhistle.net>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@voltrondata.com>