arrow

GH-37720: [Go][FlightSQL] Add prepared statement handle to DoPut result  (#40311)



### Rationale for this change
See discussion on https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/37720 and mailing list: https://lists.apache.org/thread/3kb82ypx99q96g84qv555l6x8r0bppyq

### What changes are included in this PR?

Changes the Go FlightSQL client and server implementations to support returning an updated prepared statement handle to the client as part of the `DoPut(PreparedStatement)` RPC call.

### Are these changes tested?

### Are there any user-facing changes?

See parent issue and docs PR #40243  for details of user facing changes.

**This PR includes breaking changes to public APIs.**

* GitHub Issue: #37720

Lead-authored-by: Adam Curtis <adam.curtis.dev@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>