arrow

GH-35786: [C++] Add pairwise_diff function (#35787)



### Rationale for this change

Add a `pairwise_diff` function similar to pandas' [Series.Diff](https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.Series.diff.html), the function computes the first order difference of an array.
### What changes are included in this PR?

I followed [these instructions](https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/12460#issuecomment-1057520554). The function is implemented for numerical, temporal and decimal types. Chuck arrays are not yet supported.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes. They are tested in vector_pairwise_test.cc and in python/pyarrow/tests/compute.py.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, and docs are also updated in this PR.

* Closes: #35786

Lead-authored-by: Jin Shang <shangjin1997@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Benjamin Kietzman <bengilgit@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Kietzman <bengilgit@gmail.com>