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GH-35960: [Java] Detect overflow in allocation (#36185)



### Rationale for this change

The Java allocator wasn't detecting overflow (which is admittedly a corner case since you can't actually allocate that many bytes), causing an unexpected exception.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Detect overflow and provide the right exception.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* Closes: #35960

Authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>