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GH-44703: [CI][MATLAB][Packaging] Update MATLAB CI and `crossbow` packaging workflows to build against MATLAB `R2024b` (#44704)

### Rationale for this change

MATLAB [R2024b](https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/latest_features.html) is now available for use with the [matlab-actions/setup-matlab](https://github.com/matlab-actions/setup-matlab) GitHub Action.

We should update the [matlab.yml CI workflow](https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/aab7d81aeec1e8f106bdda953cdeb00f7f78b355/.github/workflows/matlab.yml#L126), as well as the [crossbow packaging workflows for the MATLAB MLTBX files](https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/aab7d81aeec1e8f106bdda953cdeb00f7f78b355/dev/tasks/matlab/github.yml#L34) to build against R2024b.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Updated the `.github/workflows/matlab.yml` CI workflow file to build the MATLAB Interface against MATLAB R2024b.
2. Updated the `dev/tasks/matlab/github.yml` `crossbow` packaging workflow to build the MATLAB MLTBX files against MATLAB R2024b.
3. Bumped `mathworks/libmexclass` version to commit [cac7c3630a086bd5ba41413af44c833cef189c09](https://github.com/mathworks/libmexclass/commit/cac7c3630a086bd5ba41413af44c833cef189c09) to work around mathworks/libmexclass#92

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

1. CI workflow [successfully passed on all platforms in `mathworks/arrow`](https://github.com/mathworks/arrow/actions/runs/11805483560).
2. Crossbow job: https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/actions/runs/11805816426.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.

1. All changes to the MATLAB interface will now be built against R2024b.
2. The MATLAB MLTBX release artifacts will now be built against R2024b.

### Notes

1. Thank you @ sgilmore10 for your help with this pull request!
* GitHub Issue: #44703

Authored-by: Kevin Gurney <kgurney@mathworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>