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GH-35361: [C++] Remove Perl dependency from cpp/build-support/run-test.sh (#35362)

### Rationale for this change

Because Perl in conda doesn't work on Manjaro Linux.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Use `sed` instead of `perl`.
* Remove `stacktrace_addr2line.pl`. If we still need it, we can re-implement the addr2line filter in other language such as Python or shell later.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes by hand on Manjaro Linux.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #35361

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>