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GH-35337: [Go] ASAN tests fail with Go1.20+ (#35338)



### Rationale for this change
Fixing crashes when using ASAN to run unit tests under Go1.20+, requires features that were only added in go1.20. For versions <=go.19, the code remains unchanged.

The only way to properly test these changes would be to increase the matrix of jobs for Go, but we already have quite a few jobs. @ assignUser Do you have any issues with adding go1.20 (or maybe just telling it to use "latest") as another set of Go jobs to the GHA config?
* Closes: #35337

Lead-authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>