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GH-42013 [Python] Allow Array.filter() to take general array input (#42051)



### What changes are included in this PR?
Allow Array.filter() to take general array input.

### Are these changes tested?
Unit test added, via CI.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

* GitHub Issue: #42013

Authored-by: Kelvin Wu <kelvinyu1117@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>