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Add a Python matrix to ensure the bindings build on all supported versions (#1871)

Also contains a run of `pre-commit autoupdate`, and a bump of cibuildwheel
to its latest tag for CPython 3.13 support.

But, since we build for 3.10+ with SABI from 3.12 onwards, we don't even
need a dedicated Python 3.13 build job or toolchain - the wheels from 3.12
can be reused.

Simplifies some version-dependent logic around assembling the bazel
build command in setup.py, and fixes a possible unbound local error in
the toolchain patch context manager.