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ARROW-7444: [GLib] Add LocalFileSystem support

TODO:
- [x] Implementation
- [x] Make GArrowFileType an GEnum type
- [x] Make setters and getters of GArrowFileStats properties
- [x] Write tests

Closes #6105 from mrkn/ARROW-7444 and squashes the following commits:

3726abdaf <Sutou Kouhei> Use method
9f4d0f700 <Sutou Kouhei> Simplify API
a4ed9a26e <Sutou Kouhei> Adjust style
a042e54a3 <Sutou Kouhei> Add tests GBytes version reads
19eb21607 <Sutou Kouhei> Implement garrow_file_system_open_input_file()
1c1a504b5 <Sutou Kouhei> Add garrow_seekable_input_stream_read_at_bytes()
001373615 <Sutou Kouhei> Add garrow_seekable_input_stream_new_raw()
2944a194a <Sutou Kouhei> Remove needless "" tag
4d2c32887 <Sutou Kouhei> Use fs::FileInfo
a38028268 <Sutou Kouhei> Fix document
61296329b <Sutou Kouhei> Use "dir" instead of "directory" for API
22cfe3876 <Sutou Kouhei> Use nonexistent because not-found isn't suitable for file selector
2e20ad625 <Sutou Kouhei> Add garrow_file_stats_to_string()
d62ef8ec4 <Sutou Kouhei> Document missing garrow_file_stats_is_file() and is_directory()
9764716af <Sutou Kouhei> Use "directory" instead of "dir"
06dfda6e1 <Sutou Kouhei> Use arrow::fs::kNoSize and kNoTime to get the minimum value
7fa2a036d <Sutou Kouhei> Fold long lines
ca3d35014 <Sutou Kouhei> Remove wrong const
a3939c59f <Sutou Kouhei> Use G_DECLARE_INTERFACE
acf403599 <Sutou Kouhei> Use not_found instead of non_existent
cfbe3e6a8 <Sutou Kouhei> Keep reference to base file system
cc434d7e3 <Sutou Kouhei> Don't put tests into helper/
8ff0af30b <Sutou Kouhei> Add garrow_readable_read_bytes() and use it in test
d92477273 <Sutou Kouhei> Ensure destroy a read buffer for stream
9a88c17a3 <Sutou Kouhei> Add missing include
44d0ef559 <Sutou Kouhei> Document missing parameter
d91335ec3 <Sutou Kouhei> Improve readable method name for building GArrowBuffer
9b3284fd4 <Sutou Kouhei> Don't use duplicated ID
3b9404aef <Sutou Kouhei> Improve test case names
990684e91 <Sutou Kouhei> Don't access to a buffer read from a closed stream
566f2dc7c <Kenta Murata> Rename garrow_file_stats_list_new
59724eaed <Kenta Murata> Use g_strndup to return a temporary string
fe26c8371 <Kenta Murata> Use garrow_file_stats_get_raw
24ec232cb <Kenta Murata> Use placement new to initialize a shared_ptr of FileSystem member
d15b190fb <Kenta Murata> Get the default property values from a arrow::fs::FileStats object
0431b404d <Kenta Murata> Fix parameter long names
6dd68784d <Kenta Murata> Remove trailing periods from parameter descriptions
994f5d7e7 <Kenta Murata> Fix an error tag
0b6137672 <Kenta Murata> Replace "file_system" to "file-system" in a param name
042f75c02 <Kenta Murata> Replace "filesystem" to "file system" or "file-system" appropriately
34bc4b4ce <Kenta Murata> Remove needless TODO mark
76a049b51 <Kenta Murata> Add tests of GArrowSlowFileSystem
8262060a1 <Kenta Murata> Rewrite test-local-file-system.rb
110ffd9ed <Sutou Kouhei> Add component availability check
8f4dfa45d <Kenta Murata> Fix function names
88060156e <Kenta Murata> Fix coding style
3b19ea358 <Kenta Murata> Include file-system and local-file-system in documentation
09ef6708b <Kenta Murata> Add a section for local file system in documentation
6c831f756 <Kenta Murata> Use "file-system" instead of "file_system"
3c86869ab <Kenta Murata> Update arrow-glib/Makefile.am
6a62eb6ec <Kenta Murata> Fix gi annotations and tests
79046e17a <Kenta Murata> Add tests of GArrowLocalFileSystem
1d6252878 <Kenta Murata> Make attributes of LocalFileSystemOptions properties
68c5d1c7b <Kenta Murata> Add tests of GArrowFileSelector
463703d0f <Kenta Murata> Remove needless prototype declarations
10762e926 <Kenta Murata> Add tests of GArrowFileStats
dcc16b04f <Kenta Murata> Fix the default value of GArrowFileStats:size and GArrowFileStats:mtime
d9c3da04b <Kenta Murata> Add the missing prototype declaration of garrow_file_stats_equal
e0ce70416 <Kenta Murata> Fix the default value of GArrowFileStats:type
1a5e9633c <Kenta Murata> Remove accessors of FileStats
58e160124 <Kenta Murata> Make attributes of FileStats properties
1b4d8af70 <Kenta Murata> Stop using unique_ptr to keep FileStats and FileSelector in a GObject
4a205b6f9 <Kenta Murata> Return the result of garrow::check
edd9d8970 <Kenta Murata> Replace _ with - in error messages
24c5d6bc2 <Kenta Murata> Fix suffixes of function names
0aa997683 <Kenta Murata> Make anonymous functions static ones
64249da75 <Kenta Murata> Use unique_ptr to keep a arrow::fs::FileStats instance
b9ef9d086 <Kenta Murata> Make attributes of GArrowFileSelector properties
88157d849 <Kenta Murata> Aline the trailing backslashes
0ae6b9783 <Kenta Murata> Use static_cast
71083f079 <Kenta Murata> Remove empty get_property functions
cb5288f07 <Kenta Murata> Add GArrowLocalFileSystem
418525ca6 <Kenta Murata> Add GArrowFileSystem

Lead-authored-by: Kenta Murata <mrkn@mrkn.jp>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>