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GH-44950: [C++] Bump minimum CMake version to 3.25 (#44989)

### Rationale for this change

We want to upgrade our CMake version to 3.25 as discussed on the ML:
https://lists.apache.org/thread/h8jp16ktrj11fmjmjhlg6xvkvv9wzvjk

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Bump minimal CMake version to 3.25
- Manually install CMake on distributions where CMake < 3.25 was installed via package repositories
- Minor fixes to CI in order to have passing builds everywhere

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, via CI.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, the minimum CMake version to be used to build Arrow is bumped to 3.25.
**This PR includes breaking changes to build systems.**
* GitHub Issue: #44950

Lead-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Bryce Mecum <petridish@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Co-authored-by: Neal Richardson <neal.p.richardson@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>