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GH-42167: [CI] Upgrade the version of vcpkg in .env (#42171)

### Rationale for this change

See #42167

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Upgrades the version of vcpkg in .env to the 2024.04.26 version
  * I didn't use the more recent 2024.05.24 release tag as this fails to build boost libraries due to boost updating the tags of the 1.85.0 release and causing hash mismatches
* Upgrade the version of CMake installed in the Python Manylinux docker build due to glog requiring 3.22 or higher
* Rebase the `ports.patch` file

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, this doesn't change behaviour so should be covered by existing tests

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* GitHub Issue: #42167

Authored-by: Adam Reeve <adreeve@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>