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GH-43703: [C++][Parquet][CI] Parquet: Introducing more bad_data for testing (#43708)



### Rationale for this change

Introducing more bad_data for testing

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Upgrade parquet-testing
* Introduce more bad_data
* Update fuzz generation

### Are these changes tested?

They're tests :-)

### Are there any user-facing changes?

no

* GitHub Issue: #43703

Authored-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>