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GH-45572: [C++][Compute] Add rank_normal function (#45573)

### Rationale for this change

Computing ranks as values of the "probit" function (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probit), rather than quantiles between 0 and 1, can be useful for machine learning and other tasks.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Add a "rank_normal" function that computes array ranks as points on the normal distribution.

It is similar to calling the "rank_quantile" function and then applying the normal percent-point function ("probit").

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, by dedicated unit tests.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No, except a new compute function.
* GitHub Issue: #45572

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>