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GH-45347: [Packaging][Linux] Use cpp/CMakeLists.txt instead of java/pom.xml to detect version (#45348)

### Rationale for this change

java/pom.xml was moved to apache/arrow-java from apache/arrow.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Detect version from cpp/CMakeLists.txt.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #45347

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>