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ARROW-12646: [C++][CI][Packaging][Python] Bump vcpkg version to its latest release

- [x] bump vcpkg version
- [x] update vcpkg ports patch
- [x] update windows docker images hosted on ghcr.io
- [x] update crossbow cache builds for macos (https://github.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/pull/4 should be merged after this one)

Closes #10236 from kszucs/vcpkg-release

Authored-by: Krisztián Szűcs <szucs.krisztian@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Krisztián Szűcs <szucs.krisztian@gmail.com>