arrow

MINOR: [CI][C++] Enable core dumps and stack traces in Linux/macOS jobs (#43937)

### Rationale for this change

In https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/43936 I noticed that core dumps were not written out for crashing C++ tests. One problem is that, by default, Ubuntu hosts pipe core dumps to `apport`, but it is not available inside containers. Another is that the `ulimit` must be set in the host, not in the container.

In addition, this PR restores automatic traceback generation when running C++ tests, on Linux and macOS jobs.

### Are these changes tested?

Manually by introducing a spurious segfault and running Docker containers.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

Lead-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>