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GH-33972: [C++] Pass in metadata to ParquetReader (#34015)

Closes #33972

### Rationale for this change

### What changes are included in this PR?

### Are these changes tested?

### Are there any user-facing changes?

* Closes: #33972

Lead-authored-by: Fokko Driesprong <fokko@apache.org>
Co-authored-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Fokko Driesprong <fokko@tabular.io>
Signed-off-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>