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GH-43359: [Go][Parquet] ReadRowGroups panics with canceled context (#43360)

### Rationale for this change

`ReadRowGroups` needs to support externally canceled contexts, e.g. for request-scoped contexts in servers like gRPC.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Additionnaly, `releaseColumns` needs to ignore columns with uninitialized data as it used in a `defer` statement.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes: a new test `TestArrowReaderCanceledContext` is included.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

None
* GitHub Issue: #43359

Authored-by: sebdotv <sebdotv@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Joel Lubinitsky <joellubi@gmail.com>