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GH-36726: [R] calling read_parquet on S3 connections results in error message being ignored (#37024)

### Rationale for this change

Valid error messages were being ignored and incorrect error messages were being displayed

### What changes are included in this PR?

I deleted a `tryCatch()` which was swallowing the error message.  I don't know why it was there, and removing it didn't break any tests, so whatever behaviour it aims to supported is untested, and it may have been unnecessary.

### Are these changes tested?

No

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* Closes: #36726

Authored-by: Nic Crane <thisisnic@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Nic Crane <thisisnic@gmail.com>