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ARROW-13194: [Java][Document] Create prose document about Java algorithms

See https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-13194

Closes #10617 from liyafan82/fly_0628_doc

Authored-by: liyafan82 <fan_li_ya@foxmail.com>
Signed-off-by: liyafan82 <fan_li_ya@foxmail.com>