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GH-38627: [Java][FlightRPC] Handle null parameter values (#38628)



### Rationale for this change

We want to make sure we correctly handle binding `null` values to JDBC parameters.
We also want better exceptions when handling parameter binding.

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Handle adding null values to parameters if it's a nullable vector, else throw `UnsupportedOperationException`
- For unsupported parameter types or casts, throw `UnsupportedOperationException` instead of `RuntimeException`
* Closes: #38627

Authored-by: Diego Fernandez <aiguo.fernandez@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>