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ARROW-14211: [C++][Compute] Fixing thread sanitizer problems in hash join node

Fixing 3 issues:
- one in SchemaProjectionMaps - I simplified all of the code to get rid of thread synchronization at all
- one in TaskScheduler - added (unnecessary) mutex
- one in HashJoinImpl - switching from shared byte vector to local bit vectors and merge (for recording if a match for a hash table row has been seen)

Closes #11350 from michalursa/ARROW-14211-hash-join-tsan

Authored-by: michalursa <michal@ursacomputing.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>