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GH-38770: [C++][Python] RecordBatch.filter() segfaults if passed a ChunkedArray (#40971)

### Rationale for this change

Filtering a record batch with a boolean mask in the form of a `ChunkedArray` results in a segmentation fault.

### What changes are included in this PR?

In case chunked array is passed as a mask to filter record batch, the code path for `pa.Table.filter()` is taken resulting in a filtered table.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #38770

Authored-by: AlenkaF <frim.alenka@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: AlenkaF <frim.alenka@gmail.com>