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GH-41427: [Go] Fix stateless prepared statements (#41428)



### Rationale for this change

Stateless prepared statements didn't actually work

### What changes are included in this PR?

Update the handle after binding parameters

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* GitHub Issue: #41427

Authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>