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GH-36103: [C++] Initial device sync API (#37040)



### Rationale for this change
Building on the `ArrowDeviceArray` we need to expand the abstractions for handling events and stream synchronization for devices.

### What changes are included in this PR?
Initial Abstract implementations for the new DeviceSync API and a CPU implementation. This will be followed up by a CUDA implementation in a subsequent PR.

### Are these changes tested?
Yes, tests are added for Import/Export DeviceArrays using the DeviceSync handling.

* Closes: #36103

Lead-authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Benjamin Kietzman <bengilgit@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>