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GH-44954: [C++][CI] Silence protobuf-generated deprecations (#44955)



### Rationale for this change

### What changes are included in this PR?

### Are these changes tested?

### Are there any user-facing changes?

* GitHub Issue: #44954

Lead-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>