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ARROW-15582: [C++] Add support for registering standard Substrait functions (#13613)

This picks up where #13285 has left off.  It mostly focuses on the Substrait->Arrow direction at the moment.  In addition, basic support is added for named tables.  This makes it possible to create unit tests that read from in-memory tables instead of requiring unit tests to do a scan.

The PR creates some utilities in `test_plan_builder.h` which allow for the construction of simple Substrait plans programmatically.  This is used to create unit tests for the function mapping.

The PR extracts id "ownership" out of the `ExtensionIdRegistry` and into its own `IdStorage` class.

The PR gets rid of `NestedExtensionIdRegistryImpl` and instead makes `ExtensionIdRegistryImpl` nested if `parent_ != nullptr`.



Authored-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>