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GH-36177: [MATLAB] Add the Type object hierarchy to the MATLAB interface (#36210)



### Rationale for this change

As we continue to build up the MATLAB Interface, we need to add the `Type` class hierarchy to the interface to support objects with schemas.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Added an enum class called `arrow.type.ID` with the following values:
```matlab
>> enumeration(arrow.type.ID.Boolean)

Enumeration members for class 'arrow.type.ID':

    Boolean
    UInt8
    Int8
    UInt16
    Int16
    UInt32
    Int32
    UInt64
    Int64
    Float32
    Float64
```

2. Added an abstract class representing a type called `arrow.type.Type`. It defines one property named `ID` that all concrete subclasses must define. `ID` must be an `arrow.type.ID`.

3. Defined an abstract class called `arrow.type.PrimitiveType` that inherits from `arrow.type.Type`. All primitive type classes inherit from this class.

4. Defined the following concrete type classes: 
    - `arrow.type.BooleanType`
    - `arrow.type.Float32Type`
    - `arrow.type.Float64Type`
    - `arrow.type.Int8Type`
    - `arrow.type.UInt8Type`
    - `arrow.type.Int16Type`
    - `arrow.type.UInt16Type`
    - `arrow.type.Int32Type`
    - `arrow.type.UInt32Type`
    - `arrow.type.Int64Type`
    - `arrow.type.UInt64Type`

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, added the following test classes: 
    - `tID.m`
    - `tBooleanType.m`
    - `tFloat32Type.m`
    - `tFloat64Type.m`
    - `tInt8Type.m`
    - `tUInt8Type.m`
    - `tInt16Type.m`
    - `tUInt16Type.m`
    - `tInt32Type.m`
    - `tUInt32Type.m`
    - `tInt64Type.m`
    - `tUInt64Type.m`

### Future Directions

1. Add a new property to `arrow.array.Array` called `Type`.
2. Add a `arrow.type.Field` class.
3. Add a `arrow.tabular.Schema` class.
4. As we add more array types, we will extend `arrow.type.ID` and add the appropriate type class. 

* Closes: #36177 

Authored-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>