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GH-39156: [C++][Compute] Fix negative duration division (#39158)



### Rationale for this change

I forgot to cast durations to doubles in the current `division(duration, duration)` kernel. So they were essentially `reinterpret_cast`ed  to double. Because I only tested small positive ints but not large ints or negative ints, I missed this bug.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Add a `FloatingDivide` operator that casts ints to doubles and do floating division. Replace the `division(duration, duration)` with this op.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* Closes: #39156

Authored-by: Jin Shang <shangjin1997@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>