arrow

GH-33727: [Python] array() errors if pandas categorical column has dictionary as string not object (#34289)

### Rationale for this change
Currently writing a pandas dataframe with categorical column of dtype `string[pyarrow]` fails. The reason for this is that when category with `string[pyarrow]` dtype is converted to an array in pyarrow it results in a `ChunkedArray,` not `Array`, and then `DictionaryArray.from_arrays`  fails.

### What changes are included in this PR?
`_handle_arrow_array_protocol` method in _array.pxi_ is updated so that in case of a `ChunkedArray` with one chunk, the result is a `pyarrow.Array` and not `pa.ChunkedArray.`

### Are these changes tested?
Yes. Tests are added to:

- python/pyarrow/tests/parquet/test_pandas.py
- python/pyarrow/tests/test_pandas.py
- python/pyarrow/tests/test_array.py

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No.
* Closes: #33727

Lead-authored-by: Alenka Frim <frim.alenka@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Alenka Frim <AlenkaF@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>