arrow

GH-34564: [Python][C++] Update code to compile with cython 3 (#34726)

### Rationale for this change

Cython 3 has some breaking changes:

 * `&&` is no longer supported
 * `nogil` must appear at the end of the line

In addition we had to work around a bug: https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/5333

### What changes are included in this PR?

Minor changes to the cython code.

### Are these changes tested?

No, and they probably should be at some point.  However, Cython 3 has not yet released and so it would be impractical to update our CI to run Cython 3 until that happens.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* Closes: #34564

Authored-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>