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GH-33655: [C++][Parquet] Write parquet columns in parallel (#33656)

# Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #33655 

# What changes are included in this PR?

 - Add use_threads and executor options to `ArrowWriterProperties`.
 - `parquet::arrow::FileWriter` writes columns in parallel when buffered row group is enabled.
 - Only `WriteRecordBatch()` is supported.

# Are these changes tested?

Added `TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, MultithreadedWrite)` in the `arrow_reader_writer_test.cc`

* Closes: #33655

Authored-by: Gang Wu <ustcwg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Yibo Cai <yibo.cai@arm.com>