arrow

ARROW-16752: [R] Rework Linux binary installation (#13464)

See the jira for the main behavior changes here. Other changes of note:

* There are more brief messages printed to the installation log, even in the default "quiet" mode, that indicate which branch of the logic in nixlibs.R you've gone through. They're factual and generally connected to the tests that are being run, but they are worded somewhat ambiguously or coded, so as not to run afoul of censors should they appear in the wrong context. This should help us in the triaging of installation failures, even in circumstances where we can't enable greater verbosity.
* There is a start of a test suite for nixlibs.R, run separately from the package tests. It has been wired up to run in `ci/scripts/r_test.sh`. 

Authored-by: Neal Richardson <neal.p.richardson@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Neal Richardson <neal.p.richardson@gmail.com>